Social, economic, and political challenges of women in local political leadership: a convergent mixed-methods study in Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, Philippines

Abstract

Women’s involvement in local political leadership continues to face intersecting social, economic, and political obstacles. These barriers remain insufficiently explored in Philippine governance research, especially at the barangay and municipal levels. Using a convergent parallel mixed methods design, this study examined the lived experiences, difficulties, and adaptive strategies of elected female officials in Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte. Quantitative data came from the complete demographic records of all 26 women holding elected office in the municipality. Qualitative data were collected through key informant interviews with eight purposively selected women leaders. Demographic findings showed that most female officials are married, representing 65.4 percent of the sample. The majority belong to middle aged or older cohorts, with 70.8 percent aged 42 years or above. Most occupy barangay level positions, with 84.6 percent serving as Barangay Councilors. Thematic analysis of interview data revealed three domains of challenges: social, economic, and political. Corresponding coping responses were also identified. Social themes centered on managing the dual identity of wife and leader, confronting gender stereotypes in traditionally male dominated fields such as peace and order, and using maternal resilience as a leadership asset. Economic themes highlighted persistent financial obstacles to entering and advancing in office, limited formal education among participants, and the emphasis on practical experience over academic credentials. Political themes documented ongoing gender based skepticism during elections, the reframing of political doubt into motivation, and the adoption of collectively oriented governance values. Integrating quantitative and qualitative results showed that the prevalence of married, older women in formal leadership positions reflects social norms that equate maturity with legitimacy. However, these norms also add domestic responsibilities. The study concludes that gender responsive governance frameworks are essential for enhancing women’s meaningful participation in Philippine local governance. These frameworks include targeted financial assistance, leadership mentoring, and work family policy changes.